Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Warm-Up Activities and Fillers for the French Classroom

Warm-Up Activities and Fillers for the French Classroom Most language teachers find that there is a bit of dead time during class. This may occur at the beginning of class, as the students are arriving; at the end of class, as they are thinking about leaving; and right in the middle of class, when transitioning from one lesson to another. During this dead time, the best option is to spend five or ten minutes on a short, interesting activity. Teachers from all over have shared some great ideas for warm-up and filler activities- take a look. Building Sentences Put together the parts of a sentence. Categories List all of the vocabulary in a particular category. Conversations Pair off for short discussions. Meet Your Neighbor Practice greetings and personal details with other students. Music Videos Watch and discuss French music videos. Name Game Learn all of the students names. Quotations Discuss quotations by famous Francophones. Repetitions Have students repeat a list of vocabulary.

Friday, November 22, 2019

The Basics of Chinese New Year

The Basics of Chinese New Year Chinese New Year is the most important festival in Chinese culture. It is celebrated on the new moon of the first month according to the lunar calendar and is a time for family reunions and scrumptious feasts. While Chinese New Year is celebrated in Asian countries like China and Singapore, it is also celebrated in Chinatowns spanning New York City to San Francisco. Take the time to learn about traditions and how to wish others a happy new year in Chinese so that you can also partake in Chinese New Year festivities wherever you are in the world. How Long Is Chinese New Year? Chinese New Year traditionally lasts from the first day to the 15th day of the New Year (which is the Lantern Festival), but the demands of modern life mean that most people don’t get such an extended holiday. Still, the first five days of the New Year are an official holiday in Taiwan, while workers in Mainland China and Singapore get at least 2 or 3 days off. Home Decor A chance to leave the problems of the previous year behind, it is important to start the New Year fresh. This means cleaning up the house and buying new clothes. Homes are decorated with red paper banners which have auspicious couplets written on them. These are hung around doorways and are intended to bring luck to the household for the coming year. Red is an important color in Chinese culture, symbolizing prosperity. Many people will wear red clothing during the New Year celebrations, and houses will have many red decorations such as Chinese knotwork. Red Envelopes Red envelopes (ââ€" ºhà ³ng bÄ o) are given to children and unmarried adults. Married couples also give red envelopes to their parents. The envelopes contain money. The money must be in new bills, and the total amount must be an even number. Certain numbers (such as four) are bad luck, so the total amount should not be one of these unlucky numbers. â€Å"Four† is a homonym for â€Å"death†, so a red envelope should never contain $4, $40, or $400. Fireworks Evil spirits are said to be driven away by loud noise, so Chinese New Year is a very loud celebration. Long strings of firecrackers are set off throughout the holiday, and there are many displays of fireworks lighting up the evening skies. Some countries such as Singapore and Malaysia restrict the use of fireworks, but Taiwan and Mainland China still allow the nearly unrestricted use of firecrackers and fireworks. Chinese Zodiac The Chinese zodiac cycles every 12 years, and each lunar year is named after an animal. For example:   Rooster: January 28, 2017 - February 18, 2018Dog : February 19, 2018 - February 04, 2019Pig: February 05, 2019 - January 24, 2020Rat: January 25, 2020 - February 11, 2021Ox: February 12, 2021 - January 31, 2022Tiger : February 1, 2022 - February 19, 2023Rabbit: February 20, 2023 - February 8, 2024Dragon: February 10, 2024 - January 28, 2025Snake: January 29, 2025 - February 16, 2026Horse: February 17, 2026 - February 5, 2027Sheep: February 6, 2027 - January 25, 2028Monkey: January 26, 2028 - February 12, 2029 How to Say Happy New Year in Mandarin Chinese There are many saying and greeting associated with the Chinese New Year. Family members, friends, and neighbors greet each other with congratulations and wishes for prosperity. The most common greeting is æâ€" °Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¤ ¹ Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ ââ€" ºXÄ «n Nin Kui Là ¨; this phrase directly translates to â€Å"Happy  New Year.† Another common greeting is æ  ­Ã¥â€"Å"Ã¥ â€˜Ã¨ ´ ¢Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ ââ€" ºGÃ… ng XÇ  FÄ  Ci, which means Best wishes, wishing you prosperity and wealth. The phrase can also colloquially be shortened to just  Ã¦  ­Ã¥â€"Å" (gÃ… ng xÇ ). In order to get their red envelope, children have to bow to their relatives and recite æ  ­Ã¥â€"Å"Ã¥ â€˜Ã¨ ´ ¢Ã§ º ¢Ã¥Å'…æ‹ ¿Ã¦  ¥Ã‚  Ã¢â€" ºGÃ… ng xÇ  fÄ  ci, hà ³ng bÄ o n li. This means Best wishes for prosperity and wealth, give me a red envelope. Here is a list of Mandarin greetings and other phrases that are heard during the Chinese New Year. Audio files are marked with ââ€" º Pinyin Meaning Traditional Characters Simplified Characters ââ€" ºgÃ… ng xÇ  fÄ  ci Congratulations and Prosperity æ  ­Ã¥â€"Å"ç™ ¼Ã¨ ² ¡ æ  ­Ã¥â€"Å"Ã¥ â€˜Ã¨ ´ ¢ ââ€" ºxÄ «n nin kui là ¨ Happy New Year æâ€" °Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¦ ¨â€š æâ€" °Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¤ ¹  ââ€" ºguà ² nin Chinese New Year é Å½Ã¥ ¹ ´ è ¿â€¡Ã¥ ¹ ´ ââ€" ºsuà ¬ suà ¬ ping Ä n (Said if something breaks during New Year to ward off bad luck.) æ ­ ²Ã¦ ­ ²Ã¥ ¹ ³Ã¥ ®â€° Ã¥ ² Ã¥ ² Ã¥ ¹ ³Ã¥ ®â€° ââ€" ºnin nin yÇ’u yà º Wishing you prosperity every year. Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¦Å"‰é ¤Ëœ Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¦Å"‰é ¦â‚¬ ââ€" ºfng biÄ n po set off firecrackers æ” ¾Ã©Å¾ ­Ã§â€š ® æ” ¾Ã©Å¾ ­Ã§â€š ® ââ€" ºnin yà ¨ fn New Year’s Eve family dinner Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¤Å"é £ ¯ Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¤Å"é ¥ ­ ââ€" ºchà º jià ¹ bà ¹ xÄ «n Relace the old with the new (proverb) é™ ¤Ã¨Ë†Å Ã¤ ½Ë†Ã¦â€" ° é™ ¤Ã¦â€" §Ã¥ ¸Æ'æâ€" ° ââ€" ºbi nin pay a New Year’s visit æ‹Å"Ã¥ ¹ ´ æ‹Å"Ã¥ ¹ ´ ââ€" ºhà ³ng bÄ o Red Envelope ç ´â€¦Ã¥Å'… ç º ¢Ã¥Å'… ââ€" ºyÄ  suà ¬ qin money in the red envelope Ã¥ £â€œÃ¦ ­ ²Ã©Å' ¢ 压å ² Ã©â€™ ± ââ€" ºgÃ… ng hà ¨ xÄ «n xÇ  Happy New Year æ  ­Ã¨ ³â‚¬Ã¦â€" °Ã§ ¦ § æ  ­Ã¨ ´ ºÃ¦â€" °Ã§ ¦ § ââ€" º___ nin xà ­ng d yà ¹n Good luck for the year of the ____. ___Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¨ ¡Å'Ã¥ ¤ §Ã© â€¹ ___Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¨ ¡Å'Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¨ ¿  ââ€" ºtiÄ“ chÃ… «n lin red banners è ² ¼Ã¦Ëœ ¥Ã¨  ¯ è ´ ´Ã¦Ëœ ¥Ã¨ â€ ââ€" ºbn nin huà ² New Year shopping è ¾ ¦Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¨ ² ¨ 办å ¹ ´Ã¨ ´ §

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Role of NGO's Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Role of NGO's - Research Paper Example With respect to this, this paper will hypothesize that NGOs in Haiti and Cambodia have been unable to achieve their objectives because most of the funds that they received from the donors are mismanaged. Many analysts have maintained that the systems that administer NGOs in Cambodia are ineffective, especially because the NGOs do not have ownership, but again others have recommended that their system can be constituted to look like a design of a project. To verify this proposition, this paper will hypothesize that NGOs that are integrated into a decision-making process or those that have a design of a program are more efficient than those that operate in a conventional structure. Finally, some authors, for example, Schuller (2007), have postulated that NGOs have failed to implement their projects on time because the donors fail to release funds on time since they impose stringent restrictions to ensure accountability. In effect, this paper will hypothesize that most of the NGOs do not achieve their goals because the funds that they get from foreign donors are usually string

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Literature assignment about change management and flexibility Article

Literature assignment about change management and flexibility - Article Example For attaining a success by an organisation , change is pervasive and is constant. Change in customers’ needs , markets , economy and trends are the factors that can influence the performance of a business orgnisation. Hence , those business organisations that fail to adopt to changes will definitely fail to succeed. A business may witness resistance to change by its employees or by its managers. Hence , a business is to perceive and educate the employees to respond to changes to remain in the business. This research article will focus on how those companies failed to stay in the business which did not respond to changes by citing real-life examples to demonstrate how significant it is for business to manage the change. Today, business managers need strategic flexibility, which is the capability to comprehend major external changes and to fastly respond to it by earmarking the required resources and to acknowledge when a strategic decision is not giving a desired result. As the business managers face a highly uncertain atmosphere in this competitive world, and the strategic flexibility appears to be absolutely needed (Robbins, Coulter & Vohra 2010:175). To maneuver efficiently in this new competitive setting, to develop and sustain competitive advantage, a business needs a novel type of organization. To attain success, the 21st century business organization needs to exercise strategic leadership, developing economic core competences, spotlighting and nourishing human capital, efficiently employing new information technologies and manufacturing, using cherished strategies thereby employing cooperative strategies and accessing global markets, introducing new organizational cultures and structures, acquiring innovative cultures, and administering the business as a mixture of assets. (Hamel et al 1998:2). Ever increasing globalization and technology innovation offer major confronts to business

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Race or color Essay Example for Free

Race or color Essay â€Å"To live anywhere in the world today and be against equality because of race or color is like living in Alaska and being against snow†. This famous observation of William Faulkner sums up the present attitude of the people towards discrimination based on color. It is hard to believe that a few decades earlier, unimaginable atrocities have been meted out against a particular section of the society just because their skin color was considered inferior. The real life story, â€Å"Warriors don’t cry† written by Melba Patillo Beals highlights the invincible hurdles faced by a group of ten black students just to acquire a basic education on par with the other students. The events narrated in the book from chapter 12 to chapter 20 leaves one stoned about the heartless abuse that these children had to undergo. A separate army consisting of 1200 soldiers is employed to ensure the safety of these ten children on the first day of their school. Despite this arrangement, there is violence and a threat to the children’s lives, thanks to the fanatic hatred of the segregationists towards the black people. Braving all odds, Melba and her friends continue their education in the school, but every day they are tormented with abuses and unfair treatments even by the school authorities. These chapters give heart-wrenching details of the physical and mental violence against Melba and her friends. Even though a few white girls were sympathetic to Melba’s situation, they could not help her because of threats from the segregationists. It is difficult to believe that even the school authorities did not help their cause. They discriminated against her by excluding her from all festivities and events. Even on her birthday, when Melba defended herself from violence, she was suspended for attacking the whites. After reading the horrible and terrifying accounts of Melba, one cannot avoid admiring the grit and perseverance with which she and her friends pursued their education. After reading these chapters, I felt relieved and thankful for the fact that such discrimination is not existent today. The first African-American president of The United States, Mr. Obama is a proof of this advancement.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essays -- Biography

Biography of Franklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt, popularly known as FDR, was born on January 30, 1882 at the family estate in Hyde Park, New York. His father, James, graduated from Harvard Law School, married, had a son, and took over his family?s rights in coal and transportation. Despite the fact that he lost a good deal of money in financial gambles, he remained wealthy enough to travel by private railroad car, to live comfortably on his Hudson River estate at Hyde Park, and to travel at length. After his first wife died, James waited four years to remarry to Sara Delano, a sixth cousin. She was also a member of the Hudson River aristocracy, and although she was only half of James? 52 years, she settled into their Hyde Park estate quite comfortably. The marriage worked well until it was broken by James? death in 1900. Young Franklin Roosevelt had a secure and pleasant childhood. His half-brother was already an adult when Franklin was born, and so he had no rival for the attention of his parents. During the summer months he would travel with his parents to Europe, to the seaside in New England, or to Campobello Island off the coast of New Brunswick, where he developed a love for the ocean and sailing. Until the age of 14 FDR received his education from private tutors. FDR?s most lasting educational experience was at Groton School in Massachusetts, which he attended from 1896 to 1900. Groton?s headmaster, Reverend Endicott Peabody, instilled the virtue of public service in Franklin, and this would be something that he would carry with him throughout his life. At Groton FDR was not academically outstanding, nor did he gain vast popularity,? Franklin struggled to fit in?but he was only a spindly five f... ...peril. But both did so while at the same time holding free elections in which their opponents might have won the office. Through vast national support, Roosevelt was able to rekindle America?s spirit in itself, ?A man who could not walk became president of a country that had lost hope. With a simple set of beliefs- a belief that things could be improved, a belief in the Democratic process- he transmitted his own confidence to the nation? (Morgan 772). And the nation followed his lead. Bibliography: Works Cited Davis, Kenneth S. FDR: The War President 1940-1943. New York: Random House, 2000. Miller, Nathan. FDR: An Intimate History. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1983. Morgan, Ted. FDR: A Biography. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985. Robinson, Edgar Eugene. The Roosevelt Leadership 1933-1945. New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1955.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Concept Map Tuberculosis

Schiffman, George. (07, 2011). Tuberculosis. Retrieved from http://www. medicinenet. com/tuberculosis/page4. htm Tuberculosis. (01, 2013). Retrieved from http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/tuberculosis/DS00372/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs Vyas, Jatin M. (11, 2012). Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001141/ Schiffman, George. (07, 2011).Tuberculosis. Retrieved from http://www. medicinenet. com/tuberculosis/page4. htm Tuberculosis. (01, 2013). Retrieved from http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/tuberculosis/DS00372/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs Vyas, Jatin M. (11, 2012). Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001141/ IMPLEMENTATION -Assess respiratory rate every 10-15 minutes Continuously note chest movement and use of accessory muscles during respiration -Auscultate breath sounds and note any areas with adventitious sounds, especially wet crackles -Document any respiratory secretions such as sputum: amount, character, and consistency -Keep patient in high Fowler’s position to allow optimum breathing -Check for obstructions or accumulation of sputum -Ask patient level of discomfort/pain on a scale of 1-10 -Record medication administrations and if therapeutic effects are occurring -Describe procedures and treatment expectations Encourage patient to follow drug regimens IMPLEMENTATION -Assess respiratory rate every 10-15 minutes -Continuously note chest movement and use of accessory muscles during respiration -Auscultate breath sounds and note any areas with adventitious sounds, especially wet crackles -Document any respiratory secretions such as sputum: amount, character, and consistency -Keep patient in high Fowler’s position to allow optimum breathing -Check for obstructions or accumulation of sputum -Ask patient level of discomfort/pain on a scale of 1-10 Record medication administrations and if therapeutic effects are occurring -Describe procedur es and treatment expectations -Encourage patient to follow drug regimens PLANNING -Goals include treating any abnormal results such as dyspnea, abnormal breath sounds, irritability, and reducing or eliminating sputum levels -Give patient therapeutic effects regarding abnormalities found with little or no side effects -Help patient in making lifestyle changes that include making a safer work and home environment and getting the people who have the most contact with the patient treatment PLANNING Goals include treating any abnormal results such as dyspnea, abnormal breath sounds, irritability, and reducing or eliminating sputum levels -Give patient therapeutic effects regarding abnormalities found with little or no side effects -Help patient in making lifestyle changes that include making a safer work and home environment and getting the people who have the most contact with the patient treatment TUBERCULOSIS TUBERCULOSIS DIAGNOSIS Ineffective airway clearance related to poor cough ef fort as evidenced by abnormal breath sounds and dyspnea -Risk for infection related to settled secretions as evidenced by wet adventitious lung sounds such as crackles, and excessive sputum -Deficient knowledge related to condition, treatment plan, self-care and discharge needs as evidenced by questions/requests for information, statements about the problem, and the development of preventable complications DIAGNOSIS -Ineffective airway clearance related to poor cough effort as evidenced by abnormal breath sounds and dyspnea -Risk for infection related to settled ecretions as evidenced by wet adventitious lung sounds such as crackles, and excessive sputum -Deficient knowledge related to condition, treatment plan, self-care and discharge needs as evidenced by questions/requests for information, statements about the problem, and the development of preventable complications ASSESSMENT -Check for vitals; check for abnormal breath sounds, especially for wet crackles on inspiration -Assess for dyspnea, if using accessory muscles for respirations, or if the pt has elevated shoulders -Assess level, color, and consistency of any sputum Check for restlessness, irritability, or anxiousness -Report history of the patient, any existing illnesses such as pneumonia, cancer, family hx, workplace, home life, and lifestyle ASSESSMENT -Check for vitals; check for abnormal breath sounds, especially for wet crackles on inspiration -Assess for dyspnea, if using accessory muscles for respirations, or if the pt has elevated shoulders -Assess level, color, and consistency of any sputum -Check for restlessness, irritability, or anxiousness Report history of the patient, any existing illnesses such as pneumonia, cancer, family hx, workplace, home life, and lifestyle NURSING PROCESS NURSING PROCESS EVALUATION -Assess if medication and procedures are performing therapeutic effects -Check for levels of discomfort/pain on a scale of 1-10, make sure vitals and lab results are within normal ra nges -Check if patient’s secretion amount diminished or stopped -Assess if patient’s restlessness and irritability was alleviated -Check if patient is continuously taking prescribed medications to prevent spread of disease EVALUATION Assess if medication and procedures are performing therapeutic effects -Check for levels of discomfort/pain on a scale of 1-10, make sure vitals and lab results are within normal ranges -Check if patient’s secretion amount diminished or stopped -Assess if patient’s restlessness and irritability was alleviated -Check if patient is continuously taking prescribed medications to prevent spread of disease ETIOLOGY -Caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. uberculosis) by breathing in air droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person, resulting in primary TB -Risk factors include those who life with others who have active TB, poor or homeless people, elderly, infants, nursing home residents, prison inmates, alc oholics, IV drug users, those with malnutrition, working in health care, workers in refugee camps -Factors that elevate chances include diabetes, kidney disease, cancer, chemotherapy, and certain types of drugs ETIOLOGY Caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) by breathing in air droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person, resulting in primary TB -Risk factors include those who life with others who have active TB, poor or homeless people, elderly, infants, nursing home residents, prison inmates, alcoholics, IV drug users, those with malnutrition, working in health care, workers in refugee camps -Factors that elevate chances include diabetes, kidney disease, cancer, chemotherapy, and certain types of drugsPATHOGENESIS -Droplets of fluid containing tubercle bacilli are released into the air and are taken into the nasal passages and lungs of a susceptible person nearby -Once inhaled, tubercle bacilli reach alveoli where macrophages take them up; ba cilli then multiply and spread through lymph vessels into the lymph nodes and finally to distant organs; can remain ‘alive’ or become ‘inactive’ -Immune system responds which causes damage to the tissues; cells attack the bacilli, thus killing the infectionPATHOGENESIS -Droplets of fluid containing tubercle bacilli are released into the air and are taken into the nasal passages and lungs of a susceptible person nearby -Once inhaled, tubercle bacilli reach alveoli where macrophages take them up; bacilli then multiply and spread through lymph vessels into the lymph nodes and finally to distant organs; can remain ‘alive’ or become ‘inactive’ -Immune system responds which causes damage to the tissues; cells attack the bacilli, thus killing the infectionSIGNS/SYMPTOMS -Common symptoms include unintentional weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, loss of appetite -Cough persisting three weeks or more, coughing up blood or sput um, or chest pain when breathing or coughing -If spread, TB of the spine leads to back pain and TB of the kidneys cause blood in the urine SIGNS/SYMPTOMS Common symptoms include unintentional weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, loss of appetite -Cough persisting three weeks or more, coughing up blood or sputum, or chest pain when breathing or coughing -If spread, TB of the spine leads to back pain and TB of the kidneys cause blood in the urine COMPLICATIONS -Medicines for TB can cause side effects such as liver problems, changes in vision, orange/brown colored tears or urine, rash -TB of the bones: joint destruction -TB of the brain: meningitis; swelling TB of liver or kidneys: impaired filtering of waste -TB of the heart: inflammation; fluid collections; impaired pumping abilities; cardiac tamponade COMPLICATIONS -Medicines for TB can cause side effects such as liver problems, changes in vision, orange/brown colored tears or urine, rash -TB of the bones: joint destru ction -TB of the brain: meningitis; swelling -TB of liver or kidneys: impaired filtering of waste -TB of the heart: inflammation; fluid collections; impaired pumping abilities; cardiac tamponade TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT Patient recommended to stay in isolation and on bed rest until no longer contagious -Inactive TB: antibiotic called isoniazid (INH) is prescribed for six to twelve months; not prescribed to pregnant women; can cause liver damage and peripheral neuropathy -Active TB: INH is also prescribed along with rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide; may also receive streptomycin; may be taken from months to years -Drug resistant TB: everything with active TB with several other drugs; longer treatment; may require surgery to remove damaged lung tissue TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT Patient recommended to stay in isolation and on bed rest until no longer contagious -Inactive TB: antibiotic called isoniazid (INH) is prescribed for six to twelve months; not prescribed to pregnant women; can cause li ver damage and peripheral neuropathy -Active TB: INH is also prescribed along with rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide; may also receive streptomycin; may be taken from months to years -Drug resistant TB: everything with active TB with several other drugs; longer treatment; may require surgery to remove damaged lung tissue

Saturday, November 9, 2019

My Life Journey

My Life Journey By Iris Jackson There is an American gospel song â€Å"Wouldn’t Take Nothing For My Journey† also written in Maya’s Angelou book of quote is the song that reflects on my life journey and the road I am traveling today. After reflecting on my life I can say I have had the bitter with the sweet. Through all of them I have gain wisdom and knowledge. At the age 42 I know there are happy days after the rainy days. They all come to make me strong. In this paper I plan to share show I overcame many challenges and obstacles. Later on I will write about my childhood living in a rural area in N. C. I will include how many and hard times was a failure to my family. Last growing up in a Christian family. Living in a rural area in N. C. was rough. Southgate was on the back side of town down a dusty dirt road. There were no running water, no toilets, and no transportation. There were never enough money my father was the bread winner. My parents never had enough money for bill ,food or new clothes. My mother stayed home as a housewife. I can remember working on the farm with my parents. We had to pick peanuts ,corn and beans. My father raised pigs and chickens. I will never forget those hot days. Working in the field helped me to appreciate life today. I have learned to accept and not complain about things, It was never too late for hard times to knock on our door. My parents were strict we had to do a lot of chores back in the day. Levinson believe that everyone goes through the same basic pattern of development. ( Witt&Mossler 2010) My family was a Christian like family. My mother was an usher. My father was an deacon. They trusted god for everything. My mother taught me my first prayer. We would sit around the table and have Bible study with family and friends. I have learned today to put God first and he will do the rest. I can remember we had to go to church morning and evening. It grew up in me there is no better place I rather be. In all I go through I find church to be a hospital for the sick. The hard times have truly paid off. We didn’t have transportation so we had to walk to church. I think out of all my hobbies I like church the best. I wouldn’t take nothing for my journey right now. Erik Erikson expresses that Expressing hopes dreams and fears to an intimate partner also helps solidify and integrate self-image ( Witt& Mossler 2010) I also teach my son to go to church. He is our church drummer. I would like to thank my family for the love and support they have shown. The family that prays together stays together. I will keep looking up and never give up on my life journey. Again I say I want take Nothing for my journey right now. I feel like that a true song to the core.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Land Pollution in Dar es Salaam Urban City Essay Example

Land Pollution in Dar es Salaam Urban City Essay Example Land Pollution in Dar es Salaam Urban City Paper Land Pollution in Dar es Salaam Urban City Paper The concept of land pollution by government is so wide and complex because it has been conceptualized differently by different actors such as organization, government itself and private sectors through over time. This includes responsibility of the government and non-government actors about the cause, effects and solution to land pollution problem. Land pollution is said to be a threat to urban dwellers in both developed and developing countries. As a population growth rate and arbitration become increased, solid and chemical waste is generated due to different activities including industrial and human activities. Arbitration as argued by Dubbed (1 990:1 7) defines arbitration as a community consisting of a large concentration of population in a relatively limited geographical area. This is activated by the production of manufactured goods and distribution of various types of goods and services involving high degree of specialization and complicated technology. The main objectives of this research paper are to explore the industrial activities to land pollution problem in relation to urban city change in Dark sees Salaam Tanzania. The study is generally aimed to explore Dark sees Salaam urban city planning for solid waste management system and the currency of land pollution in areas of Leila, Kingdom and Teemed municipal. The study was done through library research on land pollution, internet search about the root cause of land pollution, its effects and solution in Dark sees Salaam city among the other cities In East Africa and Africa at broad. Land pollution is seriously in areas of all, Teemed and Kingdom municipal where planning and sewage system are poorly developed. Today the garbage and other solid waste appears to be much in these areas and other urban dwellers and visitors in the country where plastic bags and cans are being seed. More data about this study have been collected through internet search, library search where few literature have been written little about land pollution in urban cities and other data were primarily obtained through oral and observation through naked eyes like poor toilet systems, sewage system, even here at university Dark sees Salaam particularly main campus and Mambo hostel where sewage system are poor due to frequent leakage and pollutes environment while others are secondary data related to the research topic. Other waste generated around this area including water bottles and plastic gas which are being used by almost all students and thrown everywhere around these areas. Few data Were collected by relating solid waste management, water resource management and energy resource management where quantitative and qualitative approach is used in this study. Other scholars argue that rural-urban migration in Tanzania is high and the urban population increased from 15 % of the total population in 1980 to 33% in 2001(World Bank, 2003) and it has been estimated that by 2025 more than half of the population in Tanzania will live in urban areas. Today the urban planning is inadequate. Consequently, the urban expansion lacks consideration of environmental issues (land, water quality and supply, sanitation and solid waste management) or urban-rural development effects. The current population growth rate according to Macomb, (2008 p. 14) is 4. 9 per annum. This means that there is an increased rate of solid and chemical waste generation in Dark sees Salaam urban city with its three municipalities of Leila, Kingdom and Teemed where solid and chemical wastes are being generated. The city is bound to come up with effective strategies for land pollution control for sustainable future generation. Various sources of land pollution show that industrial activities which are carried out in urban cities including Dark sees Salaam creates land or soil pollution, Jeanne Meager (2011) contents that the amount of waste produced by human societies is increasing. Pollution being a major problem in urban areas of Tanzania is due to improper treatment and disposal of solid and liquid wastes that contribute to urban area pollution. The combined result of these problems on land is that both air and water also have been contaminated with pollutants from land environment which are detrimental to human health. In Dark sees Salaam, for example, less than 5% of the population is connected to a sewage System. Where a sewage system exists, raw sewage is discharged directly into the Indian Ocean without prior treatment. The following are the suggested methods which are advised to be used; Dumping process and refineries of wastes, Sanitary landfill, Composition method and Incineration/burning of waste, but these methods have failed to set land free from pollution. Therefore land pollution means degradation or destruction of the earths surface and soil directly or indirectly as a result of human activities. Encyclopedia Britannica define land pollution as deposition of solid or liquid waste materials on the land or underground that threaten the public health and cause unsightly condition and nuisances. In Dark sees Salaam urban city landfill and land reclamation have led to land deterioration through landfill contents. Although different strategies for land pollution control are being suggested and drafted, land pollution is still a problem in Dark sees Salaam city due population increase that according to Jeanne Meager (201 1), the amount of waste produced by human societies is increasing which creates industrial asset effluents discharged from chemical industries, paper and pulp mills, tanneries, food processing industries, power plants like Bungs power plant in Kingdom municipal which generate fly ash and among the others. To manage land pollutants in the city is very costively and therefore the city at one stage is experienced mushrooming heaps of uncollected garbage, this waste produces smell which attracts flies that cause health problems to the city dwellers. However, presently there some signs of improvements although generally Tanzania has no culture of sorting out solid waste before disposal. Solid waste is collected and transported by contracted private companies to the dumpiest. It should be noted that all dumpiest in the city generate a lot of health and environmental problems Encyclopedia Britannica contents that, deposition of solid or liquid waste materials on land or underground leads to threaten of Public health and cause unsightly condition and nuisances. The idea of introducing sanitary landfill is ever talked about but never implemented by the government, Living (1999) contents that urban pollution is a major problem in urban where solid and liquid waste is a major contributor. Also the Daily Newspaper sometimes back carried a story entitled, Garbage dumps mushroom in Dark streets but this situation is not gloom as such because private and public agencies play a part to collect garbage and transport them to dumpiest by trucks while some waste are often burned. Therefore, Ajar N (2011), argues that all substances or compounds that enter the soil/the land are potentially contaminants; therefore we should recycle, reuse or reduce them. Some settlements such as Bunting and Hangnails are located along the Amazing River which cuts across Dark-sees-SIAM city from East to West dividing the city into two parts North and South). The rivers basin is mainly vegetated by mangrove swamps. The area is popular in Dark sees Salaam because of the role it plays in the urban economy. Most of the fresh vegetables, I. E. Macho (spinach), sold by street vendors in Dark-sees-Salaam are produced there and their residues are thrown away improperly, this leads to land pollution. In order to meet human needs like food production, manufacturing and processing of finished goods and packaging industries are established and increased rates of use have raised the rates of waste generation and regrettably the present technologies Anton cope with the increased rates of disposal. Industrialization process therefore contribute to land pollution through by products of food stuffs and chemicals which are highly toxic are being generated, poor sewage system treatment contributes to land pollution through solid waste and liquid waste is being left during sand mining sites or overcrowded sand mining agricultural products (food stuff remain), municipal and house hold waste such as papers, ashes, glass, metals bottles and plastic are some sources of waste or pollutants in areas of all, Kingdom and Teemed municipals. Several industries located along Pug Road industrial area discharge their waste materials like factory rubbish, packaging waste material, organic waste, scrap metals, tars, dyes, slags, batteries and other heavy metals into land (Stonewashed). The situation is environmentally unacceptable, other waste can be generated from shops, homes like bags, empty cans, glass, bottles, Waste paper, diaper, cloth or rags; bio medical Waste like pathological and anatomical waste; construction/demolition waste like concretes, debris, woods; horticulture waste like vegetable parts, residues and remains of laughter animals like bones are also discharged to land. In Tanzania, some of the root general causes for environmental land degradation are unsustainable farming and mining, overgrazing, uncontrolled forest clearing and wild fires. Other drivers include: inadequate alternative energy sources; a lack of financial institutions that provide credit to farmers to acquire or develop land; LACUNA annual report (201 2/ 201 3) contents that rapid population growth resulting in pressure on land resources. Therefore land pollution in Dark sees Salaam urban city is as a result of industrial activities, unman activities, poor urban planning and population growth rate. Sand mining for construction activities is being undertaken within the Dark sees Salaam City in areas which are not designated for such activities. This phenomenon has created conflicts between residents and city authorities and ultimately undermined principles of urban planning. It has created big holes which essentially affect the aesthetic features of the area. This activity has potentially exacerbated soil erosion and resulted into a loss of productive land. The Government passed the Environment Management Act of 2004 for effective and sustainable management of the environment. Hence, enforcing of special laws pertaining to environmental management is emphasized. Meaningful and effective environmental law must be clearly understood and treasured by the communities and individuals whom it is aimed. The legislation sets out standards and procedures, duties and limits, create obligations for all stakeholders, which will fit human activities and govern land resource sustainable. Waste transportation and collection according to Encyclopedia of environmental pollution and its control Volvo. IV (1989), involves lit modal combination of public and private agency like trucks, walking and head carrying depending on accessibility. These trucks some are owned by government and others by private trucks where bottles for cooking oils, local liquids are being collected and recycled. Also some metals like aluminum are collected to be recycled; crude oil is refined to produce usable diesel, gas and petrol. In the process of waste treatment some waste are biodegradable and easily dumped while others are non-biodegradable and are difficult to recycle, this cause land pollution. In developed countries nuclear waste nutrients to land pollution by generating radioactive materials that contain chemicals which affects human health and land environment. It is believed that with strong government and institutional framework which is well coordinated all the above environmental problems could be resolved. The major sources of land pollution in Dark sees Salaam City are motor vehicles that believed to be the primary source affecting ambient land quality, industrial pollution and residential burning of fossil fuels is another source for pollution. Automobile oil spills on land is a growing problem in Dark sees Salaam City and as such it needs immediate attention before it goes Out Of control. Environmental expenditure review PEER (2004) reports that large amount of waste particles such as woods, metals, bricks, electronic wires and plastics are generated during road construction, rail ways and houses. Classification of solid waste in these areas includes; garbage or decomposable waste, rubbish which can be combustible and non-combustible waste like paper, wood, cloth, rubber leather and garden waste, ashes, industrial solid waste and agricultural waste among the others. The simplest method which have been seed to collect these waste includes crude tipping or open dumping like at Tab dump site, this method is commonly used to those cities found around Indian Ocean and other method adopted but never implemented in Dark sees Salaam city is landfill for solid waste. Inadequate urban planning is a significant driving force behind rising pollution levels, because residential and commercial centers are often far apart, forcing mass movement of workers on a daily basis by using motor vehicles. Soil pollution; soil is being polluted as a result of land degradation through chemical fertilizers which are in liquid while others are in soil form, this weaken the soil quality. Therefore water or wind can easily remove top soil part. Another effect is the change in climate patterns due global warming as a result of deforestation and in the other hand poor urban planning and other human activities contributes to ecosystem that in turn leads to change in climate change because of ozone layer depletion as harmful gases are generated due smelling of garbage. Land pollution also leads to public health problems like diseases because it encourages the growth of flies which transmits typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery among other disease. Directing sewage disposal from land to ocean leads death of marine organisms and burning of waste leads to soil acidity. Various ways should be employed by government and private agencies on how to solve the problem of land pollution in rapid growing urban cities in Africa including Dark sees Salaam in Tanzania. The ways to be followed includes; Education to the people should be provided so as to be aware about the concept of reduce, recycle and re use products; the use of pesticides, insecticides and agricultural chemical fertilizers should be reduced in favor of using gardening or organic foods, the government and land managers should encourage buying or importing biodegradable products that do not affect land by either direct or indirectly; and the government or private agencies should encourage selection of open dumping sites which is a cheap method and providing public sanitary facilities for general environmental management like trucks and dustbins, introduction of national sanitary landfill, development of physical infrastructure and proper chemical waste disposal. Research paper wring as process of doing critical reading has been limited with time and books material about the topic. Time constrain ND lack of money for travel contributed this research paper to be conducted through telephone interview, internet search, email and library where very few readings related to research topic are found. The study attempts to cover a cross section of land pollution in Dark sees Salaam urban city and their surroundings with a varying action/cause, effects of pollutants or pollution as well as regulatory measures to overcome the problem. The main concerns in waste management are proliferation of plastic in waste streams, industrial waste, oil pipe leakage and sewage leakage. Engineering option for waste espousal in Dark sees Salaam is limited due to poor land planning and urban city planning, many open dump sites are not used properly and lack of national sanitary landfill. In different literatures, waste generation from various source is viewed to be disadvantageous and harmful to land and human health as it pollutes and contaminate the environment and attract flies which health leads to diseases like dysentery, diarrhea and typhoid but in the other side, waste if treated properly can be useful especially biodegradable waste can be used as sources of composite manure. It is not only all pollutants are harmful o environment but also some are useful as they save some microorganism in land. Land pollution in urban cities in developed and developing countries is generally as a result of different factors such as industrial activities, human activities, mining and agriculture activities. In Dark sees Salaam urban city, pollution is due to rapid population increase versus poor urban planning. Tanzania government has proved failure in urban planning in Dark sees Salaam city hence it is difficult for land managers to control land pollution, the natural environment has always been exploited to fulfill human needs but urine this century the scale of our demands has grown so large that we are degrading the ecosystem upon which our health and live hood depends World Bank, (1998) Pl. Technologies from outside has led to challenge in land management policy because it generates solid and liquid waste that pollutes the land environment as they are deposited inland. There should be land saving technology (LAST) in order to save environment from pollution.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Ankgor Civilization, the Khmer Empire in Southeast Asia

Ankgor Civilization, the Khmer Empire in Southeast Asia The Angkor Civilization (or Khmer Empire) is the name given to an important civilization of southeast Asia, including all of Cambodia and southeastern Thailand and northern Vietnam, with its classic period dated roughly between 800 to 1300 AD. It is also the name of one of the medieval Khmer capital cities, containing some of the most spectacular temples in the world, such as Angkor Wat. The ancestors of the Angkor civilization are thought to have migrated into Cambodia along the Mekong River during the 3rd millennium BC. Their original center, established by 1000 BC, was located on the shore of the large lake called Tonle Sap, but a truly sophisticated (and enormous) irrigation system allowed the spread of the civilization into the countryside away from the lake. Angkor (Khmer) Society During the classic period, the Khmer society was a cosmopolitan blend of Pali and Sanskrit rituals resulting from a fusion of Hindu and High Buddhist belief systems, probably the effects of Cambodias role in the extensive trade system connecting Rome, India, and China during the last few centuries BC. This fusion served as both the religious core of the society and as the political and economic basis on which the empire was built. The Khmer society was led by an extensive court system with both religious and secular nobles, artisans, fishermen and rice farmers, soldiers, and elephant keepers: Angkor was protected by an army using elephants. The elites collected and redistributed taxes, and temple inscriptions attest to a detailed barter system. A wide range of commodities was traded between Khmer cities and China, including rare woods, elephant tusks, cardamom and other spices, wax, gold, silver, and silk. Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907) porcelain has been found at Angkor: Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279) whitewares such as Qinghai boxes have been identified at several Angkor centers. The Khmer documented their religious and political tenets in Sanskrit inscribed on stelae and on temple walls throughout the empire. Bas-reliefs at Angkor Wat, Bayon and Banteay Chhmar describe great military expeditions to neighboring polities using elephants and horses, chariots and war canoes, although there doesnt seem to have been a standing army. The end of Angkor came in the mid-14th century  and was partly brought about by a change in religious belief in the region, from Hinduism and High Buddhism to more democratic Buddhist practices. At the same, an environmental collapse is seen by some scholars as having a role in the disappearance  of Angkor. Road Systems among the Khmer The immense Khmer empire was united by a series of roads, comprised of six main arteries extending out of Angkor for a total of ~1,000 kilometers (~620 miles). Secondary roads and causeways served local traffic in and around the Khmer cities. The roads which interconnected Angkor and Phimai, Vat Phu, Preah Khan, Sambor Prei Kuk and Sdok Kaka Thom (as plotted by the Living Angkor Road Project) were fairly straight  and constructed of earth piled from either side of the route in long flat strips. The road surfaces were up to 10 meters (~33 feet) wide and in some places were raised to as much as 5-6 m (16-20 ft) above the ground. The Hydraulic City Recent work conducted at Angkor by the Greater Angkor Project (GAP)  used advanced radar remote sensing applications to map the city and its environs. The project identified the urban complex of about 200-400 square kilometers, surrounded by a vast agricultural complex of farmlands, local villages, temples and ponds, all connected by a web of earthen-walled canals, part of a vast water control system. The GAP newly identified at least 74 structures as possible temples. The results of the survey suggest that the city of Angkor, including the temples, agricultural fields, residences (or occupation mounds), and hydraulic network, covered an area of nearly 3,000 square kilometers over the length of its occupation, making Angkor the largest low-density pre-industrial city on earth. Because of the enormous aerial spread of the city, and the clear emphasis on water catchment, storage, and redistribution, members of the GAP call Angkor a hydraulic city, in that villages within the greater Angkor area were set up with local temples, each surrounded by a shallow moat and traversed by earthen causeways. Large canals connected cities and rice fields, acting both as irrigation and roadway. Archaeology at Angkor Archaeologists who have worked at Angkor Wat include Charles Higham, Michael Vickery, Michael Coe and Roland Fletcher; recent work by the GAP is based in part on the  mid-20th-century  mapping work of Bernard-Philippe Groslier of the École Franà §aise dExtrà ªme-Orient (EFEO). The photographer  Pierre Paris  took great strides with his photos of the region in the 1920s. Due in part to its enormous size, and in part to the political struggles of Cambodia in the latter half of the 19th century, excavation has been limited. Khmer Archaeological Sites Cambodia:  Angkor Wat, Preah Palilay, Baphuon, Preah Pithu, Koh Ker, Ta Keo,  Thmà ¢Ã‚  Anlong,  Sambor Prei Kuk, Phum Snay, Angkor BoreiVietnam:  Oc Eo,  Thailand:  Ban  Non Wat,  Ban Lum Khao, Prasat Hin Phimai, Prasat Phanom Wan Sources Coe MD. 2003.  Angkor and the Khmer Civilization. Thames and Hudson, London.Domett KM, OReilly DJW, and Buckley HR. 2011.  Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age north-west Cambodia.  Antiquity  86(328):441-458.Evans D, Pottier C, Fletcher R, Hensley S, Tapley I, Milne A, and Barbetti M. 2007.  A new archaeological map of the world’s largest preindustrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  104(36):14277-14282.Hendrickson M. 2011.  A transport geographic perspective on travel and communication in Angkorian Southeast Asia (ninth to fifteenth centuries AD).  World Archaeology  43(3):444-457.Higham C. 2001.  The Civilization of Angkor. Weidenfeld Nicolson, London.Penny D, Hua Q, Pottier C, Fletcher R, and Barbetti M. 2007.  The use of AMS 14C dating to explore issues of occupation and demise at the medieval city of Angkor, Cambodia.  Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Bà ‚  259:388–394.Sanderson DCW, Bishop P, Stark M, Alexander S, and Penny D. 2007.  Luminescence dating of canal sediments from Angkor Borei, Mekong Delta, Southern Cambodia.  Quaternary Geochronology  2:322–329. Siedel H, Pfefferkorn S, von Plehwe-Leisen E, and Leisen H. 2010.  Sandstone weathering in  tropical  climate: Results of low-destructive investigations at the temple of Angkor Wat, Cambodia.  Engineering Geology  115(3-4):182-192.Uchida E, Cunin O, Suda C, Ueno A, and Nakagawa T. 2007.  Consideration  on  the construction process and the sandstone quarries during the Angkor period based on the magnetic susceptibility.  Journal of Archaeological Science  34:924-935.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English - Essay Example Dave Eggers’ non-fiction Zeitoun and Mark Sundeen’s The Man Who Quit Money narrate two modern heroes and their tribulations. Zeitoun and Suelo fit Campbell’s thesis about the role of the hero-figure in mythologies as they left their original societies to answer calls to adventures, and to later engage with a road of trials, and the refusal to return, but they are also different from mythical heroes because they never returned to their original societies, but remained free and happy in their new lives, where their communities are better off because of their contributions to it. The first phase of Campbell’s thesis consists of the departure from the original communities, which Zeitoun and Suelo did. Zeitoun departed from Syria to find his luck in America. They lived a life of poverty in Syria, although their large family eventually became successful through the accomplishments of individual family and clan members. Zeitoun is proud that he has a family of do ctors, generals, teachers, and many other professions (Eggers 12). The sea bonded all of them together as a family too. Suelo also left his community, but not in the real sense. What he leaves behind is the capitalist system that disgusted him because of its production of poverty and social inequality. This means that Suelo’s departure is more moral and spiritual than physical in nature when compared to Zeitoun’s departure. Zeitoun physically left Syria, while Suelo is still in America. These modern heroes responded to the call of adventure, though they refused the call for some time. Zeitoun did not immediately go to the U.S., while Suelo studied college and managed to live in a capitalist world for some time. Campbell talks about supernatural aid, which did not happen for Zeitoun and Suelo. Instead, environmental changes and personal motives inspired them to leave. When they crossed the first threshold, they proverbially passed the belly of the whale. For Zeitoun, th e belly of the whale is his first few months in America, in a land where he knows little English and only has his character and faith to help him survive. Suelo transitioned from capitalism to non-capitalism, when he quitted money (Sundeen 1). By leaving his remaining $30 in a phone booth, he has begun his journey. Hence, using Campbell’s first phase, it seems that the journey of these modern heroes followed the first part of the first stage and the rest are more proverbial than physically experienced. Campbell’s second phase consisted of the initiation and the trials, which Zeitoun and Suelo experienced. When they first entered the belly of the whale, these heroes realized that they can do it. They can survive in their new worlds, however difficult it may be. Nonetheless, like mythological heroes, they had their share of trials. Zeitoun had to establish his business and met some obstacles because of his rainbow logo. The logo attracted homosexual customers, while upse tting conservative ones. He and Kathy decided to keep the rainbow because in Islam, rainbows mean hope and faith (Eggers 12). Their greatest hurdle is Hurricane Katrina. It destroyed their business and properties. Kathy and her kids already evacuated but Zeitoun insisted on being left behind. During this time, he used his canoe and helped neighbors and animals trapped in their houses. He could have been easily killed by the disaster, but his resolve to help others allowed him continue